Grade 7
History: Setting the Stage, Page 4 & 5, New France
New France
Key Ideas:
a) Jacques Cartier
claimed the territory around the St. Lawrence or present-day Quebec.
b)
c) The Frist Nations taught Europeans
how to hunt, trap, gather food, survive
grow new crops such as squash, and to travel across the New World.
d) The fur trade involved the trade of beaver pelts for finished goods.
e) The pelts were made into European fur hats which became a status symbol.
f) The Company of 100 Associates or
French investors abandoned plans to finance settlements, so the King of France
or his kingdom assumed its finances.
g) Because of European expansion,
rivalry with other colonies and First Nations, and the introduction of pox
viruses from Europe, French fur traders established forts.
h) The Wendats sided with the French and the Iroquois sided with the
British. Warfare and tension were heighted by the
competition in the fur trade.
What do I
know?
1) New
France or any colony was or is a
duplication of France in North America.
Today, the regions would include the Maritimes, the St. Lawrence River, the Great Lakes, parts of the
Western Plains and the Mississippi Valley.
It also included parts of the Caribbean.
2) The British, French, Basques, Spanish, Portuguese and Dutch came for a
passage to China and for resources.
What did I
learn?
1) Empires are built through military claims, acquiring, land, spreading
religion, trade, and claiming resources.
2) Champlain
begins the colonies along the Maritimes or Acadia and then expands along the
St. Lawrence.
3) The
colonies were in a precarious situation.
The British fought with the French over the fur trade. Forts were
attacked. Investors, from France, pulled out and the King of France had to take
over operations.
There are
questions I still have:
How does
France lose all of its territories in the New World?
How do they
encourage women to settle in New France?
Are there
benefits to the government or private investors supplying goods or services?
Immigration
and New France, page 7
Key Concepts:
a) The filles du roi (King’s daughters)
were women who agreed to go to New France providing a dowry or sum of money was
given by the government.
b) The promise of land attracted new
settlers since the first male normally inherited the land.
c) The coureurs de bois (runners of the
woods) paddled canoes and traded European goods with First Nations.
d) The Roman Catholic Church sent the
Recollet priests and then the Jesuit priests to spread Christianity, despite
the fact that the First Nations had established religious and spiritual
beliefs.
1. A) People went to New France for
the following reasons: the fur trade, to
receive a dowry and begin a family, to acquire land; to serve in the military;
Jesuits and Ursuline nuns were spreading the Roman Catholic faith.
B) People
immigrate because of pull factors: job
opportunities, safety, health care, peace, a lack of crime, the opportunity to
grow or raise food sources, the opportunity for land ownership, cultural
reasons, new beginnings, family ties, and other factors.
2.) Cause: The French wanted the fur trade to
make them rich. Effects: The
First Nations lost resources, traditional ways of life, tensions were
heightened between groups, and France became more powerful.
Cause: Europeans brought new
diseases.
Effects: A large segment of the Native population
-which lacked immunities against pox viruses - died.
Check
Your Understanding, Page 8
New France referred to all the lands colonized
in North America by France in Europe.
This consisted of what we call today the following regions: the
Maritimes, the St. Lawrence Valley, the Great Lakes, the Prairies, and the
Mississippi Valley.
The fur
trade involved the traders from France exchanging finished products such as
knives, pots, and pans for beaver or fur pelts. The furs were made into hats which later
became a status symbol or fashion statement.
First
Nations are the
original inhabitants of North, Central and South America who crossed the Bering
Strait and established civilizations in the New World.
An empire
is built through the colonization of new lands through trade, religion,
culture, military might, and diplomatic connections. The wealth -in terms of raw resources- flows
to the colonizing country.
Immigration leave their country due to push
factors and are drawn to another country because of pull factors: safety,
employment, opportunities, and other factors.
Government
in New France, Page 10.
a) King Louis XIV (the 14th) was an absolute ruler.
He power was not controlled by a constitution or set of legal rules.
b) The King chose a Sovereign Council to rule New France made up of the Governor General to
control the military, the Intendant to oversee the laws of the colony, and the
Bishop to regulate the priests and nuns.
c) Other than these three men. Nobody in
New France truly had political power.
d) The government wanted the colony to
increase in population and to be able support itself rather than rely heavily
on imports from France.
Page 11.
1. King-the ruler chooses people to govern;
his title is inherited
Advisors- they assist the king and his court
in making decisions
Sovereign
Council- a group of
who are appointed to govern New France on behalf of the king
Intendant- he was responsible for maintaining
laws
the
Bishop – he
maintained the religious life and duties regarding health, education, charity,
and legal wills; however, he mainly oversaw the priests, nuns, and their
missionary work, too
the
Governor-General- he
was responsible for military planning
1. Over time, because of this top-down
model, people would likely become discontent if they were not given the
opportunity to voice their opinions are to participate in higher levels government.
2. It easier to understand the government
of New France as a pyramid since power was concentrated at the top and the
whole system relied on the support of many people working for the king.
The
Economy of New France, page 12.
Key Ideas
a) Jean Talon was the first Intendant
and he had to improve New France’s economy.
b) In addition to the fur trade, Talon
had to diversify the economy since the St. Lawrence was frozen in the winter,
so winter supplies would dwindle and France was up to 40 days away for oceanic
or Atlantic voyages.
c) New France could export the
following: seal, salmon, cod, lumber, and farm products.
d) Ideally, farmers or habitant could
grow crops or raise livestock so they could store their food supplies and over
the winter to survive and simply feed themselves.
Page 13
1. By diversifying a nation’s economy, it would
be able to trade more with other nations and it would also be less dependent on
imports. Even today, if Canada
specializes too much on its natural resources -such as petroleum – when the
price of oil decreases, so will economic activity in Canada. However, if we also have service sector jobs
such as tourism and high-tech jobs such as manufacturing computers, only one
segment of the economy will be harmed.
One should never put all of one’s eggs in one basket. Diversification is
key.
2. If we didn’t trade with other
countries, there would be far less selection for us. Likewise, things could be very
expensive. Finally, less jobs would be
created. Bananas could be grown in
greenhouses, but they would be very expensive.
This would create jobs, but bananas can be more easily grown in other
countries.
3. I had one question, “Would Talon fear
that the colony of New France would become too independent and possibly revolt
or separate from the French Empire?”
Life on
the Seigneury, page 14
Key
Ideas:
a) The King owned or ruled all the land
in New France. The divided lots or communities were called seigneuries just
like Medieval Times or feudal times.
b) These lots of land were given to
seigneurs or lords.
c) The seigneurs rented out lands to the
peasant farmers or habitants.
d) The habitants or French Canadian
peasant farmers cleared and farmed the land.
e) The habitant used the timber and
rocks to build their own homes and even the local flour mill
f) The habitant could pay their rent and
support the Roman Catholic Church with their crops.
g) The habitant had to pay rent to the
seigneur and volunteer his labour and time for the seigneur every year.
h) The farms were long skinny strips of
land so all habitant had access to the St. Lawrence so they could irrigate
crops, catch fish, and travel.
Page 15
1. Duties of the Seigneur: supervise the
building of his own home, the flour mill and the local church; report to the
Intendant; collect rent; provide records; maintain order
Duties: clear the land; farm the land; pay his rent; provide free labour;
obey the seigneur
2. This systems works well since there
is a clear chain-of-command. It is an
efficient method of allocating land, money, and time.
3. Unfortunately, the top-down model
creates discontent since there is no democracy. The systems collapse when crops fail. Most importantly, there is the opportunity
for the seigneur to exploit or abuse his power.
The
Church in New France, Page 16
a) Initially, the Roman Catholic Church
focused on missionary work with the First Nations in areas such as present-day
Georgian Bay, Ontario, or
Saint-Marie-Among the Hurons
b) The Bishop Laval was a member of the
Sovereign Council and he was in charge of not only all the priests, nuns, and
missionary work but also he was in charge of all the schools and hospitals.
c) Bishop Laval helped found the first
seminary which has become the oldest university in Canada, today.
d) The church affected all people from
cradle to grave: baptisms, communions, confirmations, church services,
confessions, marriages, legal wills, and funerals.
e) Jesuit priests taught boys and
Ursuline nuns taught girls.
Page 17
1. Most services that are provided by the
government today were provided by the church in New France. I believe there is a clear separation between
government and religion today. Although there
is freedom of religion, you do not have be trained in a seminary or be a priest
or nun to be a school teacher in schools.
2. The Church in New France built
missionaries or religious centres to convert First Nations, performed religious
duties, wrote up wills, educated children and operated hospitals.
Check Your
Understanding, Page 18
the Sovereign
Council- the
Intendant, the Bishop and the Governor General
the
Intendant- enforced
laws in New France
the
Governor General –
oversaw military issues
the
Bishop – controlled
the church, missionaries, priests, nuns, schools and hospitals in New France
export – what goods are sold to other
countries
import – what goods are purchased from other
countries
seigneury- a Medieval method of dividing land
with lords and peasants
habitant- a French Canadian farmer or peasant
who worked the seigneur’s or lord’s land and land for himself
The French
and the First Nations, page 20
What was the
relationship between the people of New France and the First Nations?
The French
allied themselves with the Wendat and traded with other groups such as the Innu
and the Algonquin Natives. Disease was
spread through contact with small pox. The Iroquois, enemies of the Wendat, were
sold weapons by the British and Dutch. This intensified conflict. A peace treaty was eventually signed in 1701.
What type of
conflict existed between the French and English?
The British
controlled Hudson Bay or Rupert’s Land.
In 1713, the British won a victory in Europe and the British and French
signed the Treaty of Utrecht, the French had to give all their forts near
Hudson Bay. The French built more forts
deep in the interior of North America to trade directly with the Natives.
Control of
Acadia
Acadia was
given to England after the Treaty of Utrecht was signed. Some Acadians moved to Cape Breton near the
French fort of Louisbourg. Although
Acadians were neutral, the British in Halifax and Boston saw them as a threat
since they supplied food to the French fort Louisbourg.
The Expulsion
of the Acadians
Despite
swearing an Oath of Allegiance to the King of Britain, the Acadians were still
perceived as a threat. Governor Charles
Lawrence expelled them to France, the 13 Colonies, the Caribbean or Louisiana. All of their livestock was taken and their
homes were burnt to the ground. Some escaped and formed a resistance in the
woods.
The Fall of
New France
The first
true global war was in fact the Seven Years’ War in 1755. Prior to that the French controlled more of
North America, the British controlled more strategic areas. New France consisted with Acadia, the St.
Lawrence region, the Great Lakes, the Mississippi Valley, Louisiana, and
Caribbean Islands. The British
controlled Halifax and the 13 Colonies.
There were also Caribbean Islands such as Jamaica. New France had a
smaller population and the 13 Colonies had a larger population.
During the
Seven Years’ War the French and British
met on the Plains of Abraham outside of Quebec City. Britain had concentrated all of its military might
in a three prong attack. After taking
Louisbourg, they went to take Quebec City.
The battle after 12 minutes allowed General James Wolfe to defeat
General Montcalm and his forces.
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