7C must review their South American countries, colour their map on Central America and the Caribbean, and have their notes completed on the factors that influence climate.

7C will write their history quiz on Upper and Lower Canada, tomorrow morning.

Here is a video that reviews the factors that influence climate:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cz9L9M9koJk

Factors that Influence Climate

W.O.W.L.A.M.A.

1. Wind Patterns

2. Ocean Currents

3. Bodies of Water 

4. Latitude 

5. Altitude

6. Mountain Barriers

7. Air Masses

1. Wind Systems

Water or land will heat up certain parts of the Earth because the rays of the sun have shone more directly.   Heated air rises and then it expands.  Cool air lowers or slides underneath the warm air.  These are known as convection currents.   The Earth rotates and there is more land in the Northern hemisphere.  The Coriolis force or the rotation of the Earth from west to east makes the winds spin clockwise in the North and counter clockwise to the South.  Prevailing winds is a fancy name for wind patterns.

2.  Ocean Currents

Cold Arctic water in the North moves downward to the warmer equatorial regions of the South or the equator.  This creates a clockwise conveyor belt movement in the North and a counter clockwise movement in the South.  The warm water of the Gulf of Mexico moves up along the Atlantic to England.  This known as the North Atlantic Drift and both ships and sea life can hitch a ride on this movement. The worse fear is that with Global Warming the conveyor belt could slow down.

3.  (Water Bodies) Bodies of Water

The larger the body of water or the larger the amount of water means that it has a higher heat capacity or takes longer to heat or cool.  In the winter, when the ground is frozen the large lake is warmer and above zero.  In the summer, the land heats up quickly and the water does not, so the land is warmer and the lake is cooler.  For Torontonians, Lake Ontario heats us up in the winter and cools us down in the summer. 

4. Latitude

The horizontal lines that run west to east and vice versa are imaginary.  The equator is 0 degrees and the further north you go the latitude measurement increases.  The further south you go the latitude measurement also increases. The sun is more direct at the equator and therefore that area is warmer.  Because of the tilt, at one time, the top or the bottom receive more direct light.

5. Altitude

This is how tall or how high something is above sea level.  The higher you are the air molecules are spread apart and more energy is required to make them collide or warm up.  The lower you are, the closer the air molecules are and it is easier for the sun to heat up or make the molecules collide.  For every I km, there is a 6 centigrade degree drop.

6. Mountain Barriers

Warm and moist winds from the ocean go up the mountain on the windward side.  Here is where the cooler air with moisture is released in the form of precipitation in either rain or snow.  The descending air lacks moisture and it slowly warms.  The wet side is the windward and the dry side is the leeward side.

7. Air Masses


*Jet Streams

Grade 7 History Projects: the HMS Ambuscade, 1773

The Rebellions of Lower Canada

The Rebellions of Lower Canada

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ydLgwAacp4g

The Rebellions of Lower Canada

1. Although the British defeated the French and took over the French Canadian colony of Lower Canada or Quebec,  French Canadians sided with the British in the Canadas during the American Revolutionary War and the War of 1812, because the British did not change the seigneur or farming system, the Roman Catholic faith, and family laws. 

2. Criminal law was British.

3. By 1837, French Canadians grew tiresome of British rule and demanded the protection of their culture and more democracy.

4. Like Upper Canada, the British quickly crushed any rebellious activities since they had already lost the Thirteen American colonies to American independence.

5. Lower Canada, the lower part of the St. Lawrence River or Quebec, was largely French Canadian.

6. The habitants were largely the descendant of les filles du roi and other colonists of New France who farmed the land.

7.  English merchants or business people and Loyalists began to dominate the economy and the lieutenant governor appointed his friends and family members to the executive council to control politics.  This is known as nepotism and cronyism. 

8.  French Canadian academics, lawyers and doctors began to protest against colonial control or a lack of democracy and control among the legislative assembly.

9. The English elites, Lieutenant Governor Gosford and his Chateau Clique or hand-picked friends, controlled  politics in Canada.

Here was the chain of command:

The British Crown à Lieutenant Governor-à Executive Council (Family Compact in Upper Canada/Chateau Clique in Lower Canada-àLegislative Assembly (men who owned land)à those who were allowed to vote

The Legislative Assembly of Lower Canada had little power.

10. The laws passed approved the British or English elites, and the bills (suggested laws) that helped the French Canadians were largely vetoed or rejected.

11.  The Parti Patroite or the Patriot Party was formed under Papineau to create a voice for the French Canadian people.

12.  Papineau came up with 92 ideas or resolutions for change.

13.  French Canadians formed rebel groups  to overthrow the British troops and government.

14. The first battle occurred in St. Denis and the French Canadian rebels defeated British troops.

15. Nelson led the Patriotes forces against the British.

16.  The British defeated the Patriotes or rebels next at the Battle of St. Charles.

17.  The British retook St. Denis and burned it to the ground.

18.  Like Mackenzie in Upper Canada, Papineau escapes to the United States and lives in exile.

19.  At the Battle of Eustache, the British send more troops.  Rebels hide in a church.  The British set the church on fire to burn the rebels alive.

20. Skirmishes continue for two more years, Papineau and Nelson eventually are allowed to return and they fight for responsible government or greater democracy.  Their followers were largely arrested, executed, or exiled to the Caribbean.  French Canadian nationalism and the fight to preserve French Canadian culture still continued on during Confederation and to this day.

21. Rebellions did not occur in the Maritime colonies, but the journalist and politician Joseph Howe fought for responsible government or greater democratic reform.   British elites too controlled political power in the Maritime colonies of Newfoundland, Prince Edward Island,  New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and Cape Breton. 

The Rebellions of Upper Canada in 1837

The Rebellions of Upper Canada 1837



https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0AKQZA8muEI&t=181s

At this time, Upper and Lower Canada are controlled by England. The Maritime colonies
include New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Cape Breton, P.E.I.,  and Newfoundland. The colonial
government has an appointed lieutenant governor, named Sir Francis Bond Head,
and his assistant General Fitzgibbon.  The War of 1812 is over.  
Every seventh plot of land is given to the Protestant Church or one particular religion.
Farmers must physically build their own road in front of their farm.  The clergy reserves do
not build roads. The people want more roads and bridges. Farmers complain to their legislative
assembly representatives who then complain to the lieutenant governor and the executive
council.  Sir Francis Bond Head chose family members for council. This is nepotism,
when you favour family over others, and this group of men were called the Family Compact
in Upper Canada.  These men vetoed the wishes of the farmers. 
The farmers list seven grievances.  An election is rigged. The disgruntled farmers form a
rebel political party and meet in secrecy.  Here is a list of their problems or grievances:
1) Reformers were attacked by the Orangemen.
2) The economy is in crisis.
3) The election results were questioned.
4) The farmers wanted more democracy.
5) People were fearful of Americans or Loyalists.
6) The Family Compact were selected by family connections. 
7) One out of seven plots of land or clergy reserves is given to the Protestant
or Anglican church.
Mackenzie, with the help of Gibson, organize rebels who would meet at the Montgomery
Tavern.  They stormed down Yonge Street, but they retreated once British troops fired.
Mackenzie fled to the United States while his followers were executed or exiled.