There are two podcasts in the series that focus on "Who won the War of 1812?" and "the Canadian Militia in the War of 1812."

Here is the link:

https://coolcanadianhistory.com/

This series also focuses both on the American Revolution, the Loyalist Migration, and the War of 1812:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xTOB5Jmi0A4&t=8s

The last 40 minutes focuses on the War of 1812:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9as7mO9rjDU&t=4275s

Overview of the War of 1812

 WAR OF 1812 Overview

Key Terms

1.       the French Revolution of 1789- France declared bankruptcy; the king was deposed; the people attempted to introduce liberty, fraternity, equality, and democracy

2.       Napoleon Bonaparte-a military general who rose to power during the French Revolution and invaded other European countries

3.       Louisiana- a territory from France that was sold to the United States

4.       impressments- forcing sailors to serve for another navvy

5.       American expansion into the Ohio Valley- settlers began expanding west of the Appalachian territories into Native territories

6.       the Canadian militia-volunteer Canadians who served under British forces

7.       national identity- the belief that you and other people in your country share the same history, set of beliefs, and other characteristics used to define your nation

8.        Propaganda- lies told by the government

9.       jingoism- a fervent belief that your nation is superior to other nations

10.   romanticism- the idealized belief of your nation and the belief that one can only excel  in your homeland or its culture

11.   Tecumseh- a highly respected and key Native leader who was allied with Britain, essential in the Battle of Detroit, and uniting Native forces against the Americans; he died at the Battle of the Thames

12.   Sir Isaac Brock- an experienced officer who had a good rapport with Tecumseh and who also died in the Battle of Queenston Heights

13.   Laura Secord- a woman who took a 23 km journey to warn General Fitzgibbon of an impending American attack

14.   Charles de Sala  berry- a French Canadian officer who led the Volitgeurs who defended French Canada from American invasions

15.   the Battle of Detroit-the first battle that was largely won using psychological tactics since the fort was taken by a small group of Canadian militia, Native forces, and British troops

16.   the Battle of Queenston Heights- just south of Newark (modern-day Niagara-on-the-Lake) a battle took place between American and British forces along the west side of the Niagara River

17.   the Battle of York- America forces crossed Lake Ontario and burned down Fort York and neighbouring buildings; York is now known as Toronto

18.   the Battle of Beaver Dam-  British forces, thanks to Laura Secord, defeated American forces around present-day St. Catharines

19.   the Battle of Crysler’s Farm- British and French Canadian forces stopped a sizeable invasion of American forces from invading Montreal

20.   the Battle of Lundy’s Lane- British forces suffered casualties and American forces retreated around present day Niagara Falls

21.   the Battle of Washington- in retaliation to the burning of York, British forces burned down the White House and attempted to take Baltimore;  the original White House was unpainted because of the cost of paint; it was later restored and painted white

22.   the Battle of Baltimore- British forces attempted to take Baltimore and Fort McHenry; the Americans sank their ships at the mouth of the harbour to create a man-made blockade; the British failed to take the fort and the hail of cannon fire inspired a poet to write the lyrics that would later become the national anthem for the American people

23.   the Battle of New Orleans- although the War of 1812 had ended, news had not spread to the United States; the Americans, nevertheless, defeated the British at this battle

24.   the Treaty of Ghent- Americans and British representatives signed a treaty in Belgium because the war had reached a stalemate

25.   stalemate- neither side is able to win enough battles, border  raids that are able to gain territory or end a war

26.   the War Hawks- a term used by historians to label a group of powerfully influential American politicians who strongly advocated a war against the British since Canada , Britain’s colony, was vulnerable while the Britain fought France in Europe

27.   the Rideau Canal- a strategic canal built after the War of 1812 in Bytown (Ottawa) was intended to carry supplies in the event of a future war

28.   the Lachine Canal- a canal built to bypass the rapids around Montreal, so ships could easily sail up the St. Lawrence to Lake Ontario or Upper Canada; without canals, things were unloaded from ships and transported overland to other ships; this was time consuming and costly

29.   Mr. Merrit’s Ditch (the early stages of the Welland Canal System)- the Niagara Region had a series of canals built transport goods and people from Lake Ontario to the Chippawa River and eventually the entrance of the Niagara River, because  the falls prevented ships sailing up the river to Lake Erie

30.   the Battle of Stoney Creek- British forces defeated the American troops where the defeated from the American forces who later retreated at the 40 mile creek (present-day Grimsby)

The Causes:

1) Britain had gone to war with the Americans in 1776 and 30 years later it happened again.  The Canadians or Upper and Lower Canada were drawn into the war a second time.

2) After the French Revolution in 1789, England went to war with France led by Napoleon Bonaparte.  The Napoleonic Wars lasted until 1815.

3)  By helping the Americans in their War of Independence back in 1783, the French were getting back at the British for losing New France.

4)  France and Britain disrupted each other’s trade and fought in Europe.  These disruptions bothered American investors, citizens, and politicians.

5) British Interference with American Merchant Ships: British sailors boarded American ships carrying supplies to the Napoleonic Wars.  If British sailors were on American ships, many were captured and forced to serve again on British fleets

6) American Expansion into the Northwest: American settlers expanded into the Ohio Valley and ignored native treaties.  The British feared that Americans would settle further into Canada. 

7) Fur Trade Officials in the First Nations Territories: The British supplied arms to the natives through the fur trade which natives used against American settlers for invading their lands.

8) American and British jingoism was much to blame for the War of 1812.

Battles of the War of 1812

9) The British had a larger navy, but Canada was too large to defend.  They relied on two main characters Sir Isaac Brock, a general and Tecumseh, a Shawnee chief to win their major battles.

10) In the Battle of Detroit, Brock and Tecumseh used scare tactics to force General Hull to surrender Fort Detroit.

11) In the Battle of Queenston Heights, the Americans crossed the Niagara River at Lewiston and captured Queenston Heights just south of Newark and Fort George (Niagara-on-the Lake). 

12) Brock was killed during an advance, but his troops and the members of the Six Nations defeated and captured American soldiers.

13)  American ships crossed Lake Ontario and burned down Fort York.

14) Despite losses on both sides, American forces retreated to the 40 Mile Creek at present day Grimsby.

15) Mohawks and British soldiers, under a tip told by Laura Secord, met an American force at Beaver Dam.  Americans surrendered.

16) British forces stop a sizeable American force from invading Montreal.

17) In the Battle of Lundy’s Lane, British suffered casualties but American forces retreated.

18) British troops burned the White House.  (The White House is painted white to cover the burn marks and parts of the presidential balcony were left untouched to serve as a reminder to future presidents of the threat of foreign invasion.)

The Reality of War for Soldiers

19) Military life was dangerous, unglamorous, unsanitary, and badly paid. 

20)  It was difficult to recruit men because of the conditions, so militia or volunteer regiments were formed.

21)  Roads, food, and tents were limited. Soldiers were often sick.  Many deserted.  If caught, they were executed by hanging.

The Effects of the War of 1812

22) Thomas Jefferson felt that taking over Canada was for American troops just “a mere matter of marching.”  In reality, neither side could claim a victory.

23) The Treaty of Ghent was signed by Americans and British representatives in Belgium because the war was a stalemate.  The borders hence remained the same.

24) The War of 1812 did have three positive outcomes:  1) Canadian militias were formed. 2) Canadian identity was fostered.  3) Americans were seen as a possible threat, so roads and canals were improved for military and commercial purposes.

25) The negative effects of the War of 1812 include the following: 1) there was a disruption in farming and food. 2) Lives were lost.  3) A very small group of people –as always- financially profited from the war.

Causes and Effects of the War of 1812

1)            The politically powerful American group known as the ‘War Hawks” advocated the American congress for war against Britain.

2)            In order to regain sailors, British ships boarded and ‘impressed’ or captured sailors from American ships to serve on British ships.

3)            The British were busy fighting a war with Napoleon in France, so Canada was vulnerable.

4)            America allied with France.

5)            Americans expanded into the Ohio Valley and disrupted native villages.  The Natives allied with the British in many cases.

6)            The British sold or traded weapons with the Natives.

7)            England looked down at America.  Although it had declared independence in 1776, England did not respect its sovereignty or independence.

8)            Some thought that a war with Canada would be a ‘mere matter of marching’ and Canada would easily fall.

9)            The British formed a naval blockade, so American ships could not trade with France. This hurt businesses and trade.

10)          Southern planters could not sell cotton or tobacco to Britain because there was an embargo or ban placed on American products.

The Effects of the War of 1812

1)            The capital of Upper Canada moved from York (Toronto) to Bytown (Ottawa), so the capital would be further from future American attack.

2)            The Rideau Canal was built in case an American attack would cut off the St. Lawrence and cripple supplies from Lower Canada to Upper Canada. 

3)            More roads were built to better move troops, supplies, settlers, and goods across the land.

4)            The Maritimes prospered economically since Halifax became a major center of operations.

5)            English and French colonists were united under a common enemy- America.

6)            American settlers were discouraged from settling in Canada.  British immigration was promoted.

7)            The border known as the 49 degree parallel was established.

8)            The Great Lakes were demilitarized, but Lake Ontario and Lake Champlain were allowed to keep forces to prevent smuggling.

9)            Britain recognized America as independent.

10)          America focused on expanding westward.

11)          There was greater nationalistic pride and participation in military campaigns.

12)          Despite great Native contributions, Native groups were assimilated into the military and the dream of a Native confederacy was overturned.

13)          The Lachine and Welland Canals were built in order to increase supplies and trade.

14)          A great deal of myth making occurred since educators and historians saw the war as an opportunity to promote nationalism and to create heroes.

15)          The memory of an American invasion lingered well up until the 1860’s and arguably motivated Canadians to become a nation in 1867.

Camp Life at Point Henry, Kingston, May 1813

    This account was originally translated from French and published in 1895 by Hubert Neilson under the title Reminiscences of the War of 1812-14: Being Portions of the Diary of a Captain of the "Voltigeurs Canadiens" While in Garrison at Kingston, Etc.  The captain in question was Jacques Viger, who went on to become Montreal's first mayor in 1833.

We were ordered by General Prevost on the 17th of May to cross over to Point Henry, where we now occupy tents which we again once more put up in a wilderness of stumps, fallen trees, boulders, and rocks of all sizes and shapes; sharing our blanket with reptiles of varied species; carrying out the precepts of the most self-sacrificing charity towards ten million insects and crawling abominations, the ones more voracious and disgusting than the others.  Phlebotomized by the mosquitoes, cut and dissected by gnats, blistered by the sand flies, on the point of being eaten alive by the hungry wood rats as soon as they shall have disposed of our provisions.  Pray for us! Pray for us! Ye pious souls….

Broken down with fatigue, drenched with rain, I enter my tent to find that the birds of the air have besmirched me with lime; I have no sooner sat on my only camp stool when a horrid toad springs on to my lap in a most familiar way; I cast my wearied limbs on to my couch, a slimy snake insists on sharing with me the folds of my blanket, I hastily retire and leave him in possession.  

Copyright the Discriminating General 1999

Key Points:  The War of 1812                                      

1.            The United States declared war on Britain.

2.            The Americans felt violated and angered that their sailors were impressed.

3.            The British were focused on Europe.  The Americans initially profited from war, but their economy was crippled by naval blockades and impressments.

4.            The American settlers were not respecting treaties and claiming Native lands in the Ohio Valley just west of the Appalachians.

5.            The Americans had the advantage because many of the British forces were fighting Napolean in Europe.

6.            Sir Isaac Brock was the commander of the British forces in Upper Canada.

7.            Tecumseh wanted to protect Shawnee or Native lands.  Britain was more powerful and Tecumseh dreamed of native confederacy.

8.            The War of 1812 was stalemate or neither side won.  Yes, the British, Canadian, Native and French Canadian forces were victorious for Battles Upper and Lower Canada, but the American won the Battle of Baltimore and the Battle of New Orleans.

9.            The Treaty of Ghent ended the War of 1812.

10.          The U.S.A. had a bigger population than B.N.A..

11.          The Americans lost at Queenston.

12.          The War of 1812 unified the English of Upper Canada and the French of Lower Canada.

13.          The Natives again were uprooted from the Ohio Valley.

14.          Sir Isaac Brock died at Queenston Heights.

15.          During the Battle of Detroit, Brock tricked General Hull.

16.          On August of 1814, the British burned down the American capital.

17.          Fort Michilimackinac was first captured by the British.

a)            The United States had many merchant ships and the blockade had a negative impact on the American economy. It prevented France and European nations from trading with America.

b)            The British sailors boarded  American vessels and demanded to all sailors who were from British or English origin to work on British ships.  Many of these of men were abducted or taken against their will.  This angered Americans.  

c)            The American settlers were disobeying the British policy of taking land away from the Natives who lived in the Ohio Valley just west of the Appalachian Mountains.  This stirred conflict among the Natives who sided with the British under Tecumseh.

d)            Fort Michilimackinac was high upon a hill, close to a water source, and quite far from both British and American forts.  It was isolated. General Brock wanted a quick victory, so the Americans would be pressured to end the War of 1812 quickly.

Battle of Detroit

General Brock joined forces with Tecumseh and did the following:

a)            They made the militia wear redcoats to make the Americans believe that there were more professionally trained British forces.

b)            Tecumseh made his men perform a war dance for psychological  reasons to intimidate the Americans and Brock claimed that he could not control the Natives.

c)            They made it appear that there were a lot of men by coming in-and-out of the bushes in a circular pattern.

The outcome was that General Hull surrendered and Brock demanded the immediate evacuation of Fort Detroit.  Hull was later demoted.

The following strategies were used during the Battle of Queenston Heights:

a) the Americans seized high ground against the British

b) the Americans crossed the Niagara River at night

c)  the British had Native reinforcements

Here is the following outcome:

Although Brock was shot, the Canadians, Brits, and Natives were victorious over the Americans.

The Battle of Washington and Baltimore involved the followings set of strategies:

a)            The British performed a scorch-and-burn policy and revenge policy on the nation’s capital and looted the possessions of the White House for war trophies.

b)            The Americans blocked the entrance of their harbour by sinking their ships, so the British had to launch cannonballs from a far while Fort Henry was not in range. 

After the Americans were humiliated, this motivated them to fight harder in Baltimore and New Orleans. 

After the Treaty of Ghent, which was signed in Belgium by British and American representatives, I believe that the following people won and lost.

a)            The Native groups were again, like the Revolutionary War of 1776, displaced or uprooted.  The dreams of a Native Confederacy disappeared.

b)            Canada became more patriotic and there was an increased need for a professionally trained fighting corps.

c)            The Americans were inspired to better train their troops and generals.  For example, West Point Military Academy was formed after the War of 1812.

d)            The British realized that defending B.N.A. (British North America or Canada) was difficult.  It was hard to fight a two-front war in Europe and North America.  Like the Roman Empire, their empire had grown too large.

e)            The French Canadians failed to get proper recognition, especially, Charles de Salaberry who quit the military.  Twice, the French Canadians refused to join the Americans and stayed with Canada.

War Heroes –Tecumseh and Laura Secord (No! She did not make chocolates.)

1.            Secord had seven children.

2.            Tecumseh did not live to see his dream come true.

3.            Mohawk soldiers helped Laura Secord.

4.            Brock was the 8th son of a wealthy family.

5.            Tecumseh did not drive the Americans out of Canada.

6.            Brock took bold actions.

7.            Tecumseh was killed during the Battle of Moraviantown, which is just south of present-day London, Ontario.

8.            Brock’s leadership inspired confidence.

9.            Laura Secord was born in Massachusetts.

10.          Laura Secord was awarded 100 pounds.

1.            Secord told General Fitzgibbon.

2.            Brock needed to protect Upper Canada and the British forces were in Europe fighting Napoleon.

3.            Brock and Tecumseh captured Fort Detroit.

4.            Tecumseh dreamed of defending his lands and a Native Confederacy.

5.            Brock at first built defences in Quebec City.

6.            Her husband was injured in the Battle of Queenston Heights.

7A or Madame Bagnariol's class will write their history test on the American Revolution and the Loyalist Migration on Monday, December the 16th.
7B or my class will write their test on the same topic on Tuesday, December the 17th.
7C or Mr. Watt's class will write their test on Wednesday, December the 18th.

Grade 7 History Test on the American Revolution and the Loyalists  /50 marks

Part A: Vocabulary                                                                                           15  marks

You will be given 50 definitions, but only 15 terms will match.

the American Revolution-American colonists rejected British rule in 1776

the Quebec Act- a series of laws passed by the British Parliament in 1774 that established  the government of Quebec or French Canada with a governor and council; it also preserved the French Civil Code, the seigneurial system of land tenure, and the Roman Catholic Church.

the Ohio Valley- land situated east of the Appalachian Mountains, which American colonists wished to take, but the British refused settlements, so Natives would not become agitated

taxation without representation- members are not elected but appointed and they decide whether taxes are raised or not

the Thirteen Colonies- British colonies established along the Eastern Seaboard of North America; they included the following: Delaware, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Georgia, Connecticut, Massachusetts Bay, Maryland, South Carolina, New Hampshire, Virginia, New York, North Carolina, and Rhode Island and Providence Plantations

the Boston Tea Party- to protest the Tea Act, the Sons of Liberty boarded a British ship in Boston to destroy tea in order to actively protest against British taxation and rule

the Six Nations-Seneca, Cayuga, Onondaga, Oneida, and Mohawk, united in confederation about the year A.D. 1200; this unification took place under the "Great Tree of Peace" and each nation gave its pledge not to war with other members of the confederation. Around 1720, the Tuscarora nation was admitted into the league as the sixth member.

Boston King- an African American Loyalist and former slave who was trained a carpenter, preacher, author, and teacher who relocated to Nova Scotia and Sierra Leone

Joseph Brant-Thayendanegea or Joseph Brant (March 1743 – November 24, 1807) was a Mohawk military and political leader, based in present-day New York, who was closely associated with Great Britain during and after the American Revolution

Patriot- an American colonist who supported American independence from Britain

Loyalist- an American colonist who supported British rule in North America

the Stamp Act-legal documents required a stamp under British rule as a form to raise revenues to pay for the Seven Years’ War

the Intolerable Acts- known as the Coercive Acts; a series of British measures passed in 1774 and designed to punish the Massachusetts colonists for the Boston Tea Party. For example, one of the laws closed the port of Boston until the colonists paid for the tea that they had destroyed.

the Minutemen- American men who volunteered for the militia to fight the British and who were known to be ready for battle in less than a minute.

active versus passive resistance- active protests usually involve violence, the destruction of property or unlawful acts whereas passive resistance tends to be lawful and a social display of disagreement  i.e. the Boston Tea Party versus songs or lyrics that demonstrate distaste for government decisions and leaders

Wexit- after the 2019 federal election, members of Western Provinces, such as Alberta, organized a party that promoted the separation of prairie provinces as a form of protest because of their sense of exclusion

monarchists- a person who supports a royal family ruling a country or a monarch controlled by a constitution

neutrality- choosing neither side,  yet Patriots often assumed those who were neutral were as threatening as Loyalists.

the Mennonites- a member of a Protestant sect of German or Dutch descent in 16th century Europe which emphasized adult baptism and the rejection of Roman Catholic church organization, military service, and public office; many lead very traditional lifestyles.

the Grand River- a river in Southern Ontario that originates in Dundalk and passes through major cities such as Kitchener, Waterloo,  and Brantford; it flows into Lake Erie; all the lands west and east of the river were awarded to the Native Groups that supported the British during the American Revolutionary Wars

the Colony of New Brunswick-formed after the Loyalist Migration and formerly a part of the Colony of Nova Scotia

Butler’s Rangers- guerilla soldiers who performed raids against American Patriots in support of the

Black Loyalists- African Americans who were granted freedom and safe passage to the Atlantic colonies for fighting with the British during the American Revolutionary Wars

the Hungarian Revolution of 1957-an example of Hungarian refugees who came to Canada after political upheaval in the twentieth century

Mary Brant- Molly Brant (c. 1736 – April 16, 1796 in Mohawk), also known as Mary Brant, Konwatsi'tsiaienni, and Degonwadonti, was influential in New York and Canada in the era of the American Revolution.

Mohawk - Iroquoian-speaking North American Indian tribe and the easternmost tribe of the Iroquois (Haudenosaunee) Confederacy. Within the confederacy they were considered to be the “keepers of the eastern door.”

Newark, Upper Canada- present-day Niagara-on-the-Lake, Ontario, which was once a political and military base for the British along Lake Ontario and the mouth of the Niagara River.

York, Upper Canada- present-day Toronto, Ontario, which once was a the site of the British fort, Fort York

the Eastern Townships of Quebec- many English-speaking Loyalists migrated to the eastern part of the French Canadian region

the Abolitionists-those who participated in and supported the abolishment or end of slavery

persecution- the systematic mistreatment of an individual or group by another individual or group; the most common forms are religious persecution, racism and political persecution.

 a cooper- a skilled labourer  who builds barrels

 pogrom -an organized massacre of a particular ethnic group, in particular that of Jews in Russia or Eastern Europe.

discrimination- the unjust or prejudicial treatment of different categories of people or things, especially on the grounds of race, age, or gender.

The Fugitive Slave Act of 1850- the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 was enacted by the United States Congress on 18 September 1850. It extended the reach of the institution of slavery into the free Northern states, stating that refugees from enslavement living there could be returned to enslavement in the South once captured. The Act led thousands of freedom-seekers to take refuge in Canada.

 General Benedict Arnold- a general who conducted an invasion of Quebec City, but later worked as a traitor for the British against the Americans during the American Revolutionary War

the Declaration of Independence- the Declaration explained why the Thirteen Colonies at war with the Kingdom of Great Britain regarded themselves as thirteen independent sovereign states, no longer under British rule.

the American Revolutionary War- also known as the American War of Independence, was a war between Great Britain and its Thirteen Colonies in North America which declared independence in July 1776, as the United States of America.

the Niagara River- a strategic river that separates New York State from Ontario; the British relocated Loyalists who served in the American Revolutionary War to farm the farm the land and to be ready in case of future American invasions, such as the War of 1812

Birchtown, Nova Scotia - Canada’s first race riots in which Loyalists burned down the Black Loyalist settlement in Birchtown, Nova Scotia, because of racism

Upper Canada- the upper part of the St. Lawrence River or Lake Ontario and Lake Erie; it is considered to be present-day Southern Ontario; this area was largely English.

Lower Canada- the lower part of the St. Lawrence River or part of the former colony of New France; this area was largely French.

the ‘shot heard around the world’ - a phrase that refers to the opening shot of the Battle of Concord in 1775, which began the American Revolutionary War and led to the creation of the United States of America.

Sierra Leone and the Loyalists- an African nation located in its west; the British moved Black Loyalists from Nova Scotia to establish Freetown in order to gain access to the African continent

Cape Breton and Loyalists- an island north of Nova Scotia that was separated into a separate British colony once Loyalists arrive, so they could have more political representation

Sir William Johnson-  a Loyalist leader during the American Revolution, British Loyalist/provincial military officer, a politician in Canada and a wealthy landowner. He was the son of Sir William Johnson, 1st Baronet, who was the British Superintendent of Indian Affairs for the northern colonies, based in New York province

Manhattan- the last British stronghold along the Hudson River that eventually fell to the Americans and where numerous ships transported Loyalists away from the Thirteen Colonies

Alexander Hamilton- he was born in the Caribbean and he was orphaned as a child and taken in by a prosperous merchant. When he reached his teens, he was sent to New York to pursue his education. He took an early role in the militia as the American Revolutionary War began. In 1777, he became a senior aide to General Washington in running the new Continental Army. After the war, he was elected as a representative from New York to the Congress of the Confederation. He resigned to practice law and founded the Bank of New York.

George Washington-was an American political leader, military general, statesman, and Founding Father who served as the first president of the United States from 1789 to 1797. Previously, he led Patriot forces to victory in the nation's War for Independence.

British Brigadier General Samuel Birch- an official who helped lead the evacuation of Black Loyalists from New York.

Part B: Circle ‘T’ for true or ‘F’ for false.  If both or none are circled then, you will not receive a mark.                                                                                                                                                                       20 marks

*The statements provided are all true, but many will be altered for the test or made into false statements.*

The American Revolution

T              F              1. The Passage of the Quebec Act (The People of Quebec could maintain their language, religion and their family laws.)

T              F              2. Restrictions were placed on expansion into native territories in the Great Lakes or beyond the Appalachians Mountains. The Americans could not go into the Ohio Valley.

T              F              3. Unfair taxation from the British or taxation without representation angered American colonists.

T              F              4. American were massacred in Lexington and Boston.

T              F              5. The British occupied Boston Harbour after the famous Boston Tea Party.

T              F              6.  It was the choice of the British not to upset the French Canadians whom they conquered and they didn’t want to upset the Natives.

T              F              7. The Minutemen were American Patriots who were armed and ready to fight against the British in less than a minute or at least a short period of time.   They were members of a militia or volunteer army .

The American Revolutionary War

T              F              8. It provided the Americans an opportunity to declare their independence, to introduce taxes through their government bodies.  Tax revenues would now flow to the people not their king. The Americans became a role model to other nations that lived under tyranny of the British Empire.  The Declaration also spoke of the concept of inherit rights and the pursuit of happiness. It promoted national unity. It promoted patriotism.

T              F              9.The Americans attempted to invade with a rag-tag group led General Benedict Arnold.  The troops had out-dated maps; they nearly starved and arrived in the dead of winter. The French Canadians were guaranteed protection for their religion, language, schools, farming system, and family.  Therefore, they felt that staying with the British was siding with ‘a devil they knew rather than a devil they did not know.’

T              F              10. The Americans had an alliance with France; the British had a debt; the Americans were familiar with their own territory; their hearts and minds were set on winning.  The American generals had British training.

T              F              11.  The Americans got fishing rights off the coast of Newfoundland; they gained access to the banks of the east side of the Mississippi River; they gained their independence. 

The United Empire Loyalists

T              F              12. African Americans were granted land,  if they fought for the British. Many were rewarded with land in Nova Scotia.

T              F              13. Religious groups such as the Mennonites, the Quakers, French Huguenots, and other groups were worried that America would not respect their religions.

T              F              14. The First Nations such as the Iroquois were granted landed.  The Six Nations were lead Joseph Brant and they granted land along the Grand River.

T              F              15. You have soldiers such as Butler’s Rangers who were rewarded with land in the Niagara Region.

T              F              16. Monarchists supported the idea of a kingdom.

T              F              17. Those who were employed by the British went because of their jobs.

T              F              18. The Patriots attacked the Loyalists and looted and burned their homes.

T              F              19. Most of the Loyalists settled along the St. Lawrence River, the North Shores of Lake Ontario and Lake Erie, along the Grand River and the Eastern Townships in Quebec.  They also relocated to Nova Scotia which also split into New Brunswick.

T              F              20. The Loyalists were farmers, merchants, doctors, former British soldiers, lawyers, indentured servants and Black slaves.

T              F              21. The Loyalists had great difficulty since they were refugees and they had to leave most of their possessions and begin a new life.

T              F              22. The African Americans who served under the British army were offered freedom and free land.  However, they faced discrimination.

T              F              23. The Six Nations were rewarded with land along the Grand River.

T              F              24. The British offered land to people in the Atlantic colonies, Quebec, and the Niagara Region or Southern Ontario.

T              F              25. Many Mennonites settled around Kitchener-Waterloo and the Eastern Townships and even around the Niagara Regions.

T              F              26 They varied in ethnicity, income levels, skills, social status, and other aspects.

T              F              27.The Black Loyalists were granted land; however, the land was inferior; other Loyalists burned down Birchtown, Nova Scotia, and the African Canadian Loyalists were not treated with equality.

T              F              28. They had no possessions and they had to adapt to a new way of life or live in refugee camps and wait for land and farming equipment.

T              F              29. This trend repeats itself today because of push and pull factors: safety, employment, peace, infrastructure, education, family ties, natural disasters, and many other factors. Many factors force people to relocate.

T              F              30. The British rewarded the First Nations with land around the Grand River in present-day Southern Ontario.

T              F              31. The British strategically placed former warriors and soldiers along the American Border in case of future wars.  This did happen in 1812, yet another war. Manifest Destiny is the belief that the Americans should rule all of North America.

T              F              32. Boston King, like many enslaved African Americans, was cruelly treated.  It was not uncommon to even physically disable African Americans or subjugate them to severe physical abuse or torture.

T              F              33. Laws, such as the Fugitive Slave Act, denied human rights and treated African Americans as property.

T              F              34.  He met his wife, who also escaped to New York city.  She had also escaped slavery. Both sought refuge in Nova Scotia.

T              F              35.  He faced either punishment or death for seeking his basic human rights.  Abolitionists were Christian groups that wanted to abolish or slavery. People -like Harriet Tubman- organized the Underground Railway or a series of safe houses, such as churches,  to help African Americans flee slavery.

T              F              36. They and others settled in Birchtown, Nova Scotia and formed a community.

T              F              37. There was clear mistreatment in terms of physical and verbal threats.

T              F              38. King decided to sail to Sierra Leone because his community was burned down and the African Loyalists were mistreated.  The British also wanted to establish colonial ties to West Africa to claim minerals and land.

T              F              39. King was a preacher, teacher, carpenter and an author.  He established schools and published his memoirs.

T              F              40.  Mary Brant married a high ranking British official who was the Superintendent of Indian Affairs with whom she had several children.  She and her brother interpreters and connected to the British. Brant was a warrior, chief, a polyglot and educated in English.

T              F              41.  The Mohawks became refugees in the lands known as Thirteen Colonies and were given land along the Grand River, but 9/10th of it was taken away from them.

T              F              42. The British used them in the Seven Years’ War and the American Revolution, but did not give them a homeland.

T              F              43.. Brant had a connection since his brother-in-law was British and he was educated by the British.  He met with high ranking officials such King George III.

T              F              44. The Joseph and Mary Brant operated as ambassadors, translators and logistics experts.

T              F              45. Brant persuaded the British to give them land in Quebec and Upper Canada or Southern Ontario.

T              F              46 The Six Nations only has 1/10th of the land they given along the Grand River.

T              F              47. The Loyalists faced discrimination and were not welcomed by the people of Nova Scotia:

T              F              48. These people varied in terms of ethnicity, income, political beliefs (being neutral), religion, language, and other backgrounds: monarchists, wealthy merchants, skilled tradesmen, African American soldiers, Mennonites, civil servants, and domestic servants.

T              F              49.Their options were limited since they faced persecution such as tarring and feathering, the destruction of property, and an uncertain future.  America declared bankruptcy twice before 1812. The new U.S.A. was not the powerhouse of today.

T              F              50. What did the Loyalists do to begin a new life? First of all, they needed clean drinking water, provisions, tents, clothing, and land deeds.  To farm the land, you would need farming equipment such as axes, sickles, ploughs, seed, livestock and building materials for barns, homes, and fences.

T              F              51. Overall, 100 000  people left the Thirteen Colonies and went to the Caribbean, England, Upper Canada (Southern Ontario), Lower Canada (Quebec), and the Atlantic colonies (New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Cape Breton, Prince Edward Island, Newfoundland).  Roughly, 30 000 people went to Nova Scotia.

T              F              52. Their loyalty cost them since they could not return to the former Thirteen Colonies because of persecution.

T              F              53. Many had to start from scratch and they faced discrimination and the need to start a new life.

T              F              54. The Loyalists experienced local democracy in the Thirteen Colonies and found that they lacked political representation when they arrived.

T              F              55. Farm equipment and material for housing were required as well as food, clothing and shelter.

T              F              56. Only one third (1/3rd) of Black Loyalists received land and the land received was often inferior or poor for farming.

T              F              57. The government formed the new colonies of New Brunswick and Cape Breton. 

T              F              58. These colonies allowed Loyalists political representation to voice their grievances.

T              F              59. They faced a lack of shelter, starvation, uncertainty, and discrimination.

T              F              60. Despite leaving everything behind, there was a new hope since things eventually improved.

Part C: Choose one of the below questions that we examined in class to answer in full paragraphs.                                                                                                                          10  marks

1.       Do you feel the British were justified to make the American colonists pay for the costs of the Seven Years’ War? Support your answer.

2.       Would you have been a Patriot or a Loyalist based on the information that you studied? Explain why.

3.       What is the difference between active and passive forms of protest? Which is more effective and why?

4.       Provide a current or another historical example in which a nation or region has separated or protested against another authoritative government. Explain.

5.       What types of discrimination exist and who, how, and why were Loyalists targeted upon arrival in British North America or early Canada?

Part D: Analyze the below political cartoon.  Explain what you see and the hidden meanings, as well as any written messages that are stated or implied.  5 marks

This is an example of political cartoon.  A different one will be chosen for your test.

S2E3 The World's Most Famous Native: The Life and Times of Joseph BrantCool Canadian History

• • History